Sound

Sound is one of the four micro-elements, and can also be very important to shape a production in the way a director/ producer want the demographic to encode/decode it. Sound can be broken down into different sections.

Non-diegetic and diegetic soundtracks:
Non-diegetic and diegetic soundtracks are used to describe soundtrack that are connoted to be in the editing processes or within the narrative in the scene. They can be used to conform and subvert ideologies and even create polysemic views.
Non-diegetic soundtrack- is any sound that the characters wouldn't be able to hear. For example, voice-overs.   

Diegetic soundtrack- is any sound that the characters can hear, even if the actors themselves can't hear the soundtrack.
The video below shows both examples of non-diegetic and diegetic soundtracks.

Synchronous and Asynchronous sound: 
Synchronous and asynchronous sounds are used to describe the timing of the soundtrack in relation to the production shots itself. 

Synchronous Sound- this is sound that is in time with the image, creating and signifying a calm atmosphere. 

Asynchronous sound-this is sound that is not in time with the image, create and connoted a edgy and weary atmosphere.
Below is a video example of both synchronous and asynchronous soundtracks.

Parallel and contrapuntal sound: 
Parallel and contrapuntal sounds are used to describe the genre of the soundtrack and if it is continuous and fits with the genre of the production. 

Parallel Sound- is sound that matches the image.

Contrapuntal Sound- is sound that doesn't match the image. 
Below is an example of both parallel and contrapuntal sound.